LEARNERS CLUB

  RB Dayaram Sahni discovered harappa on ravi river in 1921. RD Banarjee discovered mohenjo daro on indus in 1922. last site was found in dholavira by RS Bist in 1991. harappan civiliztion belonged to bronze age and dates to 2500-1750 BC. cotton was grown in mehrgar 7000 years ago. bronze,tin,gold,silver were known during the harappan civilization. Chanhu-daro is on river sindh. lothal is in gujarat. they played dice games,potter's wheel was also in use. favourite pastime game was gambling. at lothal and kalibangan,fire alters have been found. they also worshipped peepal tree and unicorns. VEDIC AGE:- began in 2000 BC with coming of aryans. the earliest aryans came in 1500 BC and were rigvedic people. they came in conflict with the  indigenous  dravidians called dasas or dasyus in rigveda. vedic literature is divided into 4 parts:- 1)vedas  2)brahmanas 3)aranyakas  4)upanishads purushasukta:-explains the origin of 4 varnas. yajurveda:- it is a ritual veda. samav...

origin of species is written by Charles Darwin in 1859 Herbert Spencer coined the term 'survival of the fittest.' Lamarck gave the theory of progressive use and disuse of organs and believed in the inheritance of acquired characters. an experiment to prove that organic compounds were the basis of life was performed by Stanley Miller. nucleoproteins gave probably the first sign of life. a single chromosome contains hundred to thousands of genes. genetics is the study of inheritance. Y chromosome does not have any allele linked to it Three botanists - Hugo DeVries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak ,independently rediscovered Mendel's work in the same year, a generation after Mendel published his papers. Evolution can be described as generation and shaping of diversity by environmental selection extinct species must have existed at some time:- this statement describes evolution java man, peking man and heidelberg man are the fossils of "homo erectus". crow magnon...

RESOURCE:- everything availbale in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is technologically accessible ,economically feasible and culturally acceptable is called a resource. human begins interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. resources can be classified in 4 ways:-  1)on the basis of origin (biotic and abiotic) 2)on the basis of exhaustiblity(renewable and non renewable) 3)on the basis of ownership (individual, community and national) 4)on the basis of status of development (potential, developedstock and reserved) example of private resources:-land,houses,buildings,plantation,etc. examples of community resources:-grazing grounds, burial sites ,ponds,public parks,picnic spots,playgrounds,etc. technically all the resources belong to the nation. the country can acquire even private property for public good. ***ALL THE MINERALS ,WATER RESOURCES,FORESTS,WILDLIFE,LAND WITHIN POLITICAL BOUNDAR...

 sri lanka still continues to be a unitary form of government. examples of coming together federations: U.S.A , switzerland, and australia. examples of holding together federations:- india,spain,belgium. the constitution provides a 3 fold distribution of power between the state and the central government. subjects of union list:- national defence,currency,foreign affairs,banking and communication. subjects of state list: police,trade,commerce,agriculture, irrigation,etc. subjects of concurrent list:- education, forest, trade unions,marriage,adoption,succession,etc. the union government has the power to make laws of residuary subjects. in case of conflicts in law making on subjects included in the concurrent list, the law made by the central government will prevail. Jammu and Kashmir has its own special constitution. indians who do not are not permanent residents of Jammu and Kashmir cannot buy land or house there. the union territories do not have powers like those of a state. Cent...

 PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING :- practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe,dao and digging sticks and family/commmunity labour. INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING:- practised in areas of high population pressure on land. it is labour intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher inputs. there is enormous pressure on agricultural land. COMMERCIAL FARMING:- its main characteristics is the higher doses of modern inputs. rice is a subsistence crop in odisha but a commercial crop in haryana and punjab. in plantation farming, a single crop is grown over a large area. all the produce is used as raw material in their respective industries. eg. of plantation crops:- banana,sugacane,tea,coffe,rubber,etc. tea ---> assam north bengal coffee ---> karnataka RABI CROPS:- sown from octiber to december and harvested in summer from april to june. eg:- wheat,barley,gram ,pea, mustard,etc. availability of pre...