AGRICULTURE

 PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING :-

practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe,dao and digging sticks and family/commmunity labour.

INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING:-

practised in areas of high population pressure on land.

it is labour intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher inputs.

there is enormous pressure on agricultural land.

COMMERCIAL FARMING:-

its main characteristics is the higher doses of modern inputs.

rice is a subsistence crop in odisha but a commercial crop in haryana and punjab.

in plantation farming, a single crop is grown over a large area.

all the produce is used as raw material in their respective industries.

eg. of plantation crops:- banana,sugacane,tea,coffe,rubber,etc.

tea ---> assam

north bengal coffee ---> karnataka

RABI CROPS:-

sown from octiber to december and harvested in summer from april to june.

eg:- wheat,barley,gram ,pea, mustard,etc.

availability of precipitation in winter months due to western temperate cyclones help in success of these crops.

KHARIF CROPS:-

sown during the onset of monsoon.

harvested in september-october

eg:- paddy,maize,jowar,bajra,tur(arhar),moong, urad,cotton,jute,groundnut, and soyabean.

in states like assam,west bengal and odisha, 3 crops of paddy are grown in a year.These are aus,aman,boro

ZAID CROPS:-

sown during summer season.

example:- watermeln,muskmelon,cucumber,vegetables and fodder crops.

SUGARCANE TAKES ALMOST AN YEAR TO GROW.

RICE:-

india is the second largest producer of rice after china.

requires high temperature,high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.

in areas of low raifall,it grws with the help of irrigation.

rice is grown in the plains of north and north eastern india,coastal areas and deltaic regions.

rice grows with the help of irrigation in haryana,punjab,western U.P. and parts of rajasthan.

WHEAT:-

second most important cereal crop.

main food crop in north and northwestern part of the country.

requires cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening.

requires 50 - 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.

2 important wheat growing regions;-

ganga-satluj plains in the northwest and black soil region in the deccan.

MILLETS:-

jowar,bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in india.

they are knwon as coarse grains but still, they have a very high nutritional value.

jowar is the 3rd most important food crop with respect to area and production.

it is rain fed crop grown in moist area and hardly need irrigation.

bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil.

ragi is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red,black,sandy,loamy, and shallow black soils.

MAIZE:-

it is a fodder crop.

it is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21 to 27 degree celsius.

grows well in old alluvial soil.

in bihar, maize is grown in rabi season also.

PULSES:-

india is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world.

They need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.

pulses are leguminous crops.

except arhar,all pulses are leguminous crops.

mostly grown in rotation with other crops.

SUGARCANE:-

grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21 to 27 degree celsius.

annual rainfall between 75 to 100 cm

india is the second largest producer of sugarcane.

it is the main source of gur,sugar,khandsari and molasses.

OIL SEEDS:-

second largest producer in the world after china.

12 % of the total cropped area of the country.

groundnut is a kharif grown.

gujarat is the largest producer of groundnut followed by rajasthan and tamil nadu.

linseed and mustard are rabi crops.

sesamum is a kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south india.

castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop.

TEA:-

example of plantation crop.

important beverage crop introduced in india by the british.

requires warm and moist frost free climate all through the year.

tea is a labour intensive industry.

it requires cheap and skilled labour.

in 2015, india was the 2nd largest producer of tea, after china.

COFFEE:-

the arabic version of coffee initially brought from yemen is produced in the country.

its cultivation was introduced on the baba budan hills.

even today, its production is confined to karnataka,kerala and tamil nadu.

HORTICULTURE CROOPS:-

second largest producer of fruits and vegetables after china.

RUBBER:-

it is an equatorial crop.

requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm and temperature above 25 degree celsius.

FIBRE CROPS:-

cotton,jute, hemp and natural silk are the 4 major fibre crops grown in india.

COTTON:-

india is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant.

india is the 2nd largest producer of cotton.

grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the deccan plateau.

requires high temperature,light rainfall or irrigation, 210 frost free days and bright sun shine for its growth.

it is a kharif crop

requires 6 to 8 months to mature.

JUTE:-

also known as the golden fibre.

high temperature is required during the time of growth.

it has a high cost of manufacturing.

land reform was the focus of the first 5 year plan.

KCC :- kissan credit card

PAIS:-  personal accident insurance scheme.

mahatma gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as his spiritual heir.

the bhoodan-gramdan movement was initiate by vinoba bhave.

bhoodan-gramdan movement is also known as blood less revolution.

ICAR :- indian council of agricultural research.

other countries have highly subsidized agriculture.

india's rural population is about 833 million which depends upon 250 million hectares of agricultural land.

india's diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of high value crops.