LEARNERS CLUB

Gujjar Bakarwals belonged to Jammu Kashmir. They were herders of sheep and goat. In winter, they lived in the low hills of Shiwalik range   Gaddi shepherds belonged to Himachal Pradesh. During winter ,they stayed in the low hills of Shiwalik range By April, they moved north and spent the summer in Lahul  and Spitti. In garhwal and kumaon, the gujjar cattle herders came down to the dry forests of bhabhar in the winter and went up to the high meadows, the bugyals in summer. Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Madhya  Pradesh The gollas, kuribas and kurumas were important pastoral communities of the dry central plateau of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Raikas lived in the deserts of Rajasthan. Before partition in 1947, they used to migrate to Sindh and grazed their animals on the banks of indus. Maru Raikas herded camel. Another group of Raikas reared sheep and goat. The British believed all grazing lands as wastelands. From the mid ...

 cricket was invented in England. the word 'bat' simply means a stick or a club. till the middle of the 18th century, bats were roughly the same shape as hockey sticks. the first written 'laws of cricket' were drawn up in 1744. stumps must be 22 inches high and the bails 6 inches long. the ball must weigh from 5 to 6 ounces . no limit on shape or size of the bat. the world's first cricket club was formed in Hambledon in 1760s. the Marylebone Cricket Club was founded in 1787. in 1788, the MCC published its first revision of laws and became guardian of cricket regulations. after the MCC revision of laws, weight of ball was limited from 5.5 to 5.75 ounces the width of the bat was limited to 4 inches. in 1774, the first Leg-Before law was published and 3 days had become the length of a major match. the rich who could afford to play it for pleasure were called amateurs and those who played it for a living were called professionals. amateurs were called gentlemen while pr...

  RB Dayaram Sahni discovered harappa on ravi river in 1921. RD Banarjee discovered mohenjo daro on indus in 1922. last site was found in dholavira by RS Bist in 1991. harappan civiliztion belonged to bronze age and dates to 2500-1750 BC. cotton was grown in mehrgar 7000 years ago. bronze,tin,gold,silver were known during the harappan civilization. Chanhu-daro is on river sindh. lothal is in gujarat. they played dice games,potter's wheel was also in use. favourite pastime game was gambling. at lothal and kalibangan,fire alters have been found. they also worshipped peepal tree and unicorns. VEDIC AGE:- began in 2000 BC with coming of aryans. the earliest aryans came in 1500 BC and were rigvedic people. they came in conflict with the  indigenous  dravidians called dasas or dasyus in rigveda. vedic literature is divided into 4 parts:- 1)vedas  2)brahmanas 3)aranyakas  4)upanishads purushasukta:-explains the origin of 4 varnas. yajurveda:- it is a ritual veda. samav...

  In the vision of frederic sorrieu, the order of the nations: america,switzerland,france,germany,austria,etc. the first clear impression of nationalism came with the french revolution. steps taken to induce a sense of collective belonging in the French people: 1)the ideas of "la patrie" and "la citoyen" emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. 2)introduction of the new french flag to replace the former royal standard. 3)the election of national assembly. 4)introduction of a centralized administrative system which formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. 5)internal custom duties and dues were abolished. 6)uniform system of weights and measures was adpted. 7)naming "french" as the national language of France. civil code of 1804:- 1)aboloished all privileges by birth 2)established equality before the law. 3)secured the right to property. disadvantages of napoleanic rule:- increased taxation...