RD Banarjee discovered mohenjo daro on indus in 1922.
last site was found in dholavira by RS Bist in 1991.
harappan civiliztion belonged to bronze age and dates to 2500-1750 BC.
cotton was grown in mehrgar 7000 years ago.
bronze,tin,gold,silver were known during the harappan civilization.
Chanhu-daro is on river sindh.
lothal is in gujarat.
they played dice games,potter's wheel was also in use.
favourite pastime game was gambling.
at lothal and kalibangan,fire alters have been found.
they also worshipped peepal tree and unicorns.
VEDIC AGE:-
began in 2000 BC with coming of aryans.
the earliest aryans came in 1500 BC and were rigvedic people.
they came in conflict with the indigenous dravidians called dasas or dasyus in rigveda.
vedic literature is divided into 4 parts:-
1)vedas 2)brahmanas 3)aranyakas 4)upanishads
purushasukta:-explains the origin of 4 varnas.
yajurveda:- it is a ritual veda.
samaveda:- it is a collection of melodic hymns.
atharvavveda:- it describes the beliefs and superstitions of the humble people.
aranyakas:- called 'forest books'. Called so because they are generally written mainly for the hermits and students living in the jungle.
upanishads:-denotes a student sitting near a guru to learn.
LATER VEDIC PERIOD:-
from 1000-600 BC.
evidence of iron was found in Gandhar which indicates use of iron from 1000 BC.
sindhu region declined and ganga valley became important.
the later vedic soceities were divided into 4 varnas:- brahmanas,kshatriyas,vaishyas and sudras.
Kshatriyas are also called rajanyas.
BUDDDHISM:-
buddha ji was born in 563 BC on the vaishakha purnima day at lumbini.
his father suddhodhan was a saka ruler.
his mother was mahamaya.
at age of 16, he was married to yashodhara.he remained in marital life for 13 years.
buddha taught in prakrit language.
the path that leads to nirvana is known as eight fold path.
buddhist literature are in prakrit language.commonly referred to as tripitakas:-
1)vinaya pitaka
2)sutta pitaka
3)abhidhamma pitaka
sutta pitaka is the largest of the 3. it contains collection of the sermons of buddha.
JAINISM:-
it does not have a single founder.
there have been 24 tirthankaras.all were kshatriyas.
first tirthankar was rishabhadev.
the 23rd tirthankar was parshavanath.
last tirthankar was vardhaman mahavira.
born in 540 BC.
father was siddhartha.
mother was trishala.
it believed in universal brotherhood.
3 ratnas are given and are called the way to nirvana.
they are right faith,right knowledge and right conduct.
5 doctrines are their in jainism.
there are 16 mahajanapadas.
udaiyan built the city of pataliputra on the confluence of Sone and Ganga river.
alexander invaded india during the reign of dhananand.
mauryan empire had its capital at patliputra.
*** the book 'indica' is written by megasthenes.
bindusar is said to have conquered the land between the 2 seas.
war of kalinga:- 261 BC.
patanjali was during the reign of pushyamitra sungha.
land grant to brahmans was started by satvahanas.
nagarjun konda stupa is at allahabad.
it was built by the satvahana dynasty.
satavahana dynasty was founded by Simuk.
pahlavas were iranian people.
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER OF POST-MAURYAN DYNASTIES:-
indo greeks--->shakas---->pahlavas--->kushanas
kanishka is the greatest kushana ruler.
GUPTA DYNASTY:-
first ruler was Srigupta.
chandragupta I acquired the title of maharajadhiraj.
harishen was the court poet of samudragupta.
the prayag prashasti pillar at allahabad is by harishen.
samudragupta performed ashwamedha yajna.
samudragupta assumed the title of kaviraj.
chandragupta II took the title of vikramaditya by defeating Rudrasimha III.
chndragupta II court was filled by 9 gems(navratna).kalidas was also one of them.
the age of the 3 kingdoms of south cheras,cholas and pandyas is known as sangam age.
mahabharat is written by ved vyas,
ramayana has 2400 shlokas also known as adikavya.
translation of mahabharat in perisan is called rajmnama, done by badayuni.
puranas are 18 in number.they are written by ugrvaisha.written during gupta age.matasya puran is the oldest puran.
hieun sang visited during the reign of harshavardhan.
hieun sang is known as "prince of travellers".
harshavardhan was defeated by pulkeshin II(chalukya ruler) on the banks of river narmada.
harshavardhan established a great monastry at nalanda.
banabhatt was the court poet of harishen.
harishen wrote kadambari,harshacharita.
harsha himself wrote 3 plays:- priyadarshika,ratnavalli, and nagananda.
the ganges dynasty are also called chedagangas of odisha.
the sun temple at konark was built by narsimhadeva of this dynasty.
king anantvarman ganga built the jagannath temple at puri.
kesaris, who used to rule odisha before the gnages dynasty,built the lingaraja temple at bhubhaneshwar.
PALAS:-
capital was monghyr in bengal.
founder was gopala.
he was elected to the throne as he had proved his valour and capability.
then came dharampala.
he won kanauj,founded vikramsila university and revived nalanda university.
the palas were replaced by senas in bengal.
the tripatite struggle was between palas,rashtrakutas and gurjara pratiharas.
KINGDOMS OF SOUTH:-
the kingdoms of south are vakatakas,pallavas,chalukayas,rashtrakutas.
hieun sang visited the kingdom of pulkeshin II(chalukya ruler) also.
most of the paintings of the ajanta and ellora caves are completed duyring the chalukya rign
rastrakutas were originally district officers of chalukyas.
the rashtrakuta king, Krishna I , constructed the famous rock cut kailasha temple at ellora.
chalukya kingdom was in vatapi, which is now known as badami and is in karnataka.
the capital of pallavas was in kanchi (south of chennai)
narsimhavarman (pallava ruler) founded the city of mamalapuram(mahabalipuram).he adorned it with rock cut paths or seven pagoras.
narsimhavaran was the greatest pallava ruler.
pulkeshin II was the greatest chalukya ruler.
chronological order of the kingdoms of south:-
vakatakas---->chalukyas of vatapi----->rashtrakutas----->pallavas
panchatantra is written by vishnu sharma.
the iron pillar at mehrauli is built by chandragupta II.
main characteristic of indus valley civilization is town planning.
the indus valley people had trade relations with mesopotamia.
literal meaning of buddha:- the enlightened one
ashoka was influenced by the buddhist monk upagupta.
buddhism and jainism both give stres on non voilence.
sarnath's lion capital is attributed to ashoka.
panchatantra is written by vishnu shamra.
the large shiva temple at thanjavur is built by rajaraja chola I.
the coins of gupta period reveal their love for music.
panchatantra is written during gupta period.
skandgupta is famous for his courageous stand against the hunas.
egyptians were highly skilled in medicine.
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