PASTORALISTS IN THE MODERN WORLD [ IMPORTANT POINTS ]

Gujjar Bakarwals belonged to Jammu Kashmir.

They were herders of sheep and goat.

In winter, they lived in the low hills of Shiwalik range

 

Gaddi shepherds belonged to Himachal Pradesh.

During winter ,they stayed in the low hills of Shiwalik range

By April, they moved north and spent the summer in Lahul  and Spitti.

In garhwal and kumaon, the gujjar cattle herders came down to the dry forests of bhabhar in the winter and went up to the high meadows, the bugyals in summer.

Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Madhya Pradesh

The gollas, kuribas and kurumas were important pastoral communities of the dry central plateau of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

Raikas lived in the deserts of Rajasthan.

Before partition in 1947, they used to migrate to Sindh and grazed their animals on the banks of indus.

Maru Raikas herded camel.

Another group of Raikas reared sheep and goat.

The British believed all grazing lands as wastelands.

From the mid nineteenth century, British enacted wasteland rules.by this rule, government took over waste lands and gave these to selected individuals.

The pastoralists needed a permit to gain entry into the protected forests.

In 1871, the British government passed the criminal tribes act.

British introduced grazing tax in mid nineteenth century.

The pastoralists had to pay taxes on every animal they grazed.

The important pastoral communities of Africa were bedouins, berbers ,massai, somali, baran and turkana.