In the vision of frederic sorrieu, the order of the nations:
america,switzerland,france,germany,austria,etc.
the first clear impression of nationalism came with the french revolution.
steps taken to induce a sense of collective belonging in the French people:
1)the ideas of "la patrie" and "la citoyen" emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2)introduction of the new french flag to replace the former royal standard.
3)the election of national assembly.
4)introduction of a centralized administrative system which formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
5)internal custom duties and dues were abolished.
6)uniform system of weights and measures was adpted.
7)naming "french" as the national language of France.
civil code of 1804:-
1)aboloished all privileges by birth
2)established equality before the law.
3)secured the right to property.
disadvantages of napoleanic rule:-
increased taxation,no political freedom,censorship,forced recruitment into the french army..
the membors of aristocracy were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
features of aristocracy:-
1)they owned estates in the country sides and town houses.
2)they all spoke french for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
3)they were all connected by ties of marriage.
the ideology of liberalism included:-
1)freedom of individual and equality before law
2)government by consent
3)end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
4)formation of a constitutuion and representative government through parliament
5)inviolability of right to property
* for a brief period under jacobin rule, all adult males enjoyed the right to vote.
the napoleanic code again limited the right to vote and reduced the status of women to a minor,subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.
*in the econmic sphere, liberalism stood for freedom of market and abolition of state imposed restrictions.
napolean had made germany a confederation of 39 states,
*ELLE:- a unit of measurement.
zollverin was formed in 1834 at the initiative of PRUSSIA
most of the german states joined zollverin.
its main objective was to abolish trade barriers and it reduced to number of currencies from over 30 to 2.
napolean was defeated in 1815.
BRITAN,RUSSIA,PRUSSIA, AUSTRIA had collectively defeated napolean
metternich was an austrian chancellor.
german confederation of 39 states was left untouched in the treaty of vienna
the main objective of treaty of vienna was to restore the monarchs overthrown by Napolean and create a new conservation order in Europe.
conservative regimes set up after 1815 were autocratic and did not tolerate criticism.
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI was born in GENOA in 1807
YOUNG ITALY:- Marseilles,
YOUNG EUROPE:- Berne
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI :- the most dangerous enemy of the social order.
the bourban king was overthrown i july 1830 and louis philippe was made the head of the newly established constitutional monarchy.
Belgium broke away from the united kingdom of Netherlands.
Greek struggle began in 1821.
Greece:- craddle of European civiliazation.
lord bryon died of fever in the war in 1824.
TREATY OF CONSTANTINOPLE:- 1832.
DAS VOLK: common people(German language)
GREAT POWERS:- AUSTRIA,USSIA, PRUSSIA
Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music,turning folk dances like polonaise and mazurka into natonalist symbols.
polonaise and mazurka are folk dances of Poland.
clergies of Poland began to use their language as a weapon against the russian rule and oppression.
louis Philippe was forced to flee from France in 1848.
this aggression shown by the citizens was because of widespread hunger, food shortages and unemployment.
after that, the national assembly proclaimed France as a republic, granting universal suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work.
PARLIAMENTARY PRINCIPLES:- 1) a constitution 2)freedom of press 3) freedom to form associations.
in 1848, in Germany, the members of political associations decided to come together and vote for an all German national assembly
on 18 may,1848 , 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament, convened in the church of St.Paul
they wanted a constitutional monarchy.
when the post of monarch was offered to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, king of Prussia, he rejected it and joined forces with other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
when the Frankfurt parliament was convened, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitor's gallery
after 1848, the monarchs of eastern and central Europe began to introduce changes that had already taken place in the western europe because of Napolean.
the serfdom and bonded labor was abolished.
Q:: WHAT IS SERFDOM?
JUNKERS: the large landowners of Prussia
OTTO VON BISMARK : chief minister of Prussia
Bismark was the architect of the process of German unification.
in january,1871, the prussian king, KAISER WILLIAM I was proclaimed the German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
the new German nation was proclaimed on the morning of 18 january,1871.
in Italian unification, only SARDINIA-PIEDMONT was ruled by an Italian princely house. its ruler was king VICTOR EMMMANUEL II
chief minister count Cavour, who led the process of Italian unification was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
he spoke french much better than he spoke italian despite being from italy.
emmanuel's army allied with france in order to defeat the austrian forces.
giuseppe garibaldi was one of the military leaders of italian unification.
many illiterates of italy believed that "LA TALIA" was king emmanuel's wife !
in 1861, king victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the emperor of unified Italy
the English parliament had siezed power from the monarch in 1688
THE ACT OF UNION : 1707
the act of union which was between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of 'UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN'.
the british had more influence and power due to which the traditions and cultures of scotland were systematically suppresssed.
the scottish highlanders were forbbidden to speak their gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
Ireland was divided between catholics and protestants.
Ireland was a country which had a majority of catholics.
the british helped the protestants to establish their dominance over a largely catholic state.
Ireland as also forcibly incorporated into the united kingdom in 1801.
symbols of the new britain:
1)BRITISH FLAG
2)NATIONAL ANTHEM(god save our noble king)
3)the english language
the british flas:- UNION JACK
the older nations(scotland and ireland) only survived as subordinate partners in this union.
concepts such as parliamentary government,bicameralism,parliamentary privileges,single citizenship,cabinet system and rule of law are taken from the BRITISH CONSTITUTION.
the red cap or the broken chain are attributes of liberty.
JUSTICE: a blindfolded women carrying a pair of weighing scales.
allegory of france:- MARIANNE
allegory of germany:- GERMANIA
germania wears a crown of oak leaves because the german oak stands for heroism.
the flag of the german liberal nationalists of 1848 was the red,black and gold tricolor.
breastplate with eagle is the sy,bol of the german empire strength.
OLIVE BRANCH AROUND THE SWORD:- willingness to make peace
SWORD:- readiness to fight
the red black and gold tricolor flag was banned by the dukes of german states during the period of 1848.
the most serious source of nationalists tension in Europe after 1871 was the BALKAN region.
most of the bulkan region was controlled by the ottoman empire but slowly its european subject states began to break away and form separate states.
nationalism, aligned with imperialism led to disaster in europe in 1814.
th idea that societies should be organized into nation states came to be universally accepted.
*** OTTO VON BISMARK CARRIED OUT THE PROCESS OF GERMAN UNIFICATION BY ITS MILITARY POWER.
Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
giuseppe mazzini:
1)he was an italian revolutionary whowas born in genoa in 1807
2)he was a member of the secret society of carbonari
3)at the age of 24, he was sent into exile for attempting a revolution in LIGURIA.
4)he believed that god intended nations to be natural units of mankind.
5)founded secret societies like young italy and young europe.
count camilo de cavour:
1)he was the chief minister of sardinia piedmont who led the movement for unification of italy.
2)he was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
3)like many other wealthy and educated members of the italian elite,he spoke french much better than he spoke italian
4)he engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France ,which helped sardinia piedmont in defeating the austrian forces in 1859 and freeing the northern part of italy from austrian habsburgs.
GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE:
greece was part of the ottoman empire since the 15th century.the struggle for greek independence began in 1821.nationalists in greece received support from other greeks living in exile and other western europeans who shared sympathy for the ancient greek culture.poets and artists lauded greece as the craddle of european civilization and mobilized public opinion to support its struggle against a muslim empire.finally the treaty of constantinople recognized greece as an independent nation.
THE FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT:
it was an all german national assembly formed by a large number of political associations whose members were middle class professionals,businessmen and prosperous artisans. its first meeting was convened at church of st. paul at frankfurt.they drafted a constitution for the german nation to be headed by a monarch subject to a parliament.the king of prussia rejected the crown offered by them and joined forces with other monarchs to oppose them.the national assembly was dominated by middle class who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support.in the end, troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.
THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN NATIONALISTS STRUGGLE:
the issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial topic during the liberal movement in which a large number of women had actively participated over the years.women had formed their own associations,founded newspapers, and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.despite this, the were denied suffrage and the right ot vote for the elected assembly.when the frankfurt pariliament was convened in the church of st. paul,women were only admitted as observers to stand in the visitors gallery.
the steps taken by french revolutionaries to create a sense of collective belonging in the french people:-
1)introduction of the concept of la patrie and la citoyen to emphasize the notion of united community enjoying equal rights under the constitution.
2)a new french flag to replace the royal standard.
3)abolition of internal custom duties and fees.
4)new hymns,oaths and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation.
5)a centralized administrative system which formulated uniform laws for all its citizens
6) the estates general was renamed as the national assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens.
7)regional dialects were discouraged and france was promoted as the common laguage of the nation.
marianne and germania were the female allegories for the french and german nation respectively.these female allegories were used to portray ideas such as liberty,justice and republic.these female allegories reminded the public of the national symbol of unity and persuaded them to identify with it.
in 1848,middle clas germans tried to unite tried to unite the different german confederations into a single nation governed by a national assembly.but they were repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and military,supported by the large landowners of prussia.after that,prussia soon became the leader of the german unification movement.its chief minister,otto von bismark was the architect of the movement with support from the prussian army and prussian bureaucracy.the unification process was completed after prussia won wars with austria,denmark and france over a time period of 7 years.in january 1871, the prussian king, KAISER WILLIAM was proclaimed the german emperor in a ceremony held at versailles.
changes introduced by napolean:-
1)he established the civil code of 1804,also known as the napoleonic code which did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property.
2)he simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudal systems, and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
3)in towns too, guild systems were removed transport and communication systems were improved.
ROMANTICISM WAS A CULTURAL MOVEMENT WHICH SOUGHT TO DEVELOP A PARTICULAR FORM OF NATIONALIST SENTIMENT.
romantic artists and poets focused on instuitions,emotions and mystic feelings as their effort was to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.
the kingdom of 2 sicilies joined with sardinia-peidmont in 1870.
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT(CLASS 10)
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