RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

RESOURCE:- everything availbale in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is technologically accessible ,economically feasible and culturally acceptable is called a resource.

human begins interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development.

resources can be classified in 4 ways:- 

1)on the basis of origin (biotic and abiotic)

2)on the basis of exhaustiblity(renewable and non renewable)

3)on the basis of ownership (individual, community and national)

4)on the basis of status of development (potential, developedstock and reserved)

example of private resources:-land,houses,buildings,plantation,etc.

examples of community resources:-grazing grounds, burial sites ,ponds,public parks,picnic spots,playgrounds,etc.

technically all the resources belong to the nation.

the country can acquire even private property for public good.

***ALL THE MINERALS ,WATER RESOURCES,FORESTS,WILDLIFE,LAND WITHIN POLITICAL BOUNDARIES AND OCEANIC AREA UPTO 12 NAUTICAL MILS(22.2 KM) FROM THE COAST TERMED AS TERRITORIAL WATER AND RESOURCES THEREIN BELONG TO THE NATION.

*** THE OCEANIC RESOURCES BEYOND 2000 NAUTICAL MILES OF THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE BELONG TO OPEN OCEAN AND NO INDIVIDUAL COUNTRY CAN UTILIZE IT WITHOUT THE CONCURRENCE OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.

*** in case of overlapping of exclusive economic zone between 2 or more countries ,the countries have to agree to a maritime boundary which would delimit their claim.

DELIMIT:- determine the limits or boundaries of 

Arunanchal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural development.

rajasthan is very well endowed with wind and solar energy but lacks in water resources.

Ladakh has a very  rich cultural heritage but lacks water, infrastructure and some other vital minerals.

process of resource planning:-

1)identification and inventory of all the available resources across the regions of the country.

2)evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology ,skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development program.

3)matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

in the past ,rich resources iin colonies was the main attraction for foreign invaders.

resources can only contribute to development when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes.

 therefore, development in general and resource development in particular does not only involve the availability of resources but also the technology ,quality of human resources and the historical experience of the people.

there is enough for everybody's need and not for anybody's greed.

gandhi was against mass production and rather wanted production by the masses.

***ABOUT 43% OF LAND AREA IS PLAIN.

MOUNTAIN REGION ACCOUNTS FOR 30%

ABOUT 27% OF THE AREA OF THE COUNTRY IS PLATEAU REGION.

PLATEAUS POSSESS RICH RESERVES OF MINERALS,FOSSIL FUELS AND FORESTS.

THE % OF NET SOWN AREA IS ABOUT 54% OF THE TOTAL REPORTING AREA.

net sown area is over 80% in states like punjab and haryana and less than 10% in states like arunanchal pradesh,mizoram,manipur and andaman and nicobar islands.

minimum forest percentage was set to 33% of the total geographical area in 1952 by the NATIONAL FOREST POLICY.

95% of our basic needs for food,shelter, and clothing are obtained from land.

in states like chhattisgarh,madhya pradesh ,jharkhand and odisha,deforestation due to mining caused severe land degradation.

in states like punjab,haryana and western uttar pradesh,over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging.

in states like maharastra,gujarat,rajasthan and madhya pradesh,over grazing is the main reason for land degradation.

water logging causes an increase in soil salinity and alkalanity.

soil is the most important renewable natural resource.

features of different types of soils:-

1)ALLUVIAL SOIL:-

this is the most widely spread and important soil.

as we move inland towards the river valleys,soil particles appear bigger in size

in the upper reaches of the valley, the soil particles are more coarse.

such soils are more common in piedmont plains such as duars, chos and terai.

according to their age,alluvial soils can be classified as khadar and bangar.

these soils are ideal for the growth of wheat,rice and sugarcane, and other cereal and pulse crops.

2)BLACK SOIL :-

they are made up of extremely fine clayey particles.

well known for their moisture retention capacity.

generally poor phosphoric contents.

develop cracks in hot weather

sticky when wet.

RED AND YELLOW SOIL :-

develop on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of deccan plateau.

looks yellow when it occurs in hydrated form.

develops reddish color due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.

LATERITE SOIL :-

develop under tropical and subtropical climate with alternate wet and dry season.

result of intense leaching due to heavy rain.

deep to very deep

generally acidic with pH less than 6

generally deficient in plant nutrients

occurs mostly in southern states.

generally prone to erosion and degradation due to their position on the landscape.

very useful for growing tea and coffee

red laterite soil is more suitable for growing crops like cashew nuts.

ARID SOILS:-

range from red to brown in color.

generally sandy in texture.

salt content is very high

soil lacks humus and moisture.

lower horizons of the soil are occupied by kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards.

kankar layer restricts infiltration of water.

after proper irrigation,these soils can be made cultivable.

FOREST SOIL :-

generally found in hilly and mountaneous area where sufficient rainforests are available

loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in upper slopes.

in the snow covered areas of himalayas, these soils experience denudaton and are acidic with low humus content.

SOIL EROSION:- the denudation of the soil cover and its subsequent washing away is known as soil erosion.

in chambal basin, the bad lands are known as ravines.

*** western and central himalayas have well developed terrace farming.

shelter belts have majorly prevented soil erosion and stabilized the sand dunes and desert of western india.

black soil is found in maharastra,madhya pradesh,chhattisgarh,etc

alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of eastern coast.

3 main features of alluvial soil:-

1)they are very fertile 

2)they are ideal for growing sugarcane,wheat and paddy.

3)the regions of alluvial soil are intensly cultivated and densely populated.

in hilly areas,soil erosion can be checked by 

1)ploughing along the contour lines

2)terrace farming techniques

3)using strips of grasses to prevent erosion by wind and water.

resources composed of non living things are called abiotic resources

black soil has high water retaining capacity

INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES:- the oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the exclusive economic zone are called international resources

important factors in the formation of soil:-

relief,parent rock or bedrock,climate,vegetation and other forms of life and time

RESOURCE PLANNING:- resource planning is the proper and judicious use of resources.

AGENDA 21:- it is the declaration signed by the world leaders in 1992 at the earth summit to combat environmental damage,poverty and disease through global co-operation of common interests,mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

3 PHASES OF RESOURCE PLANNING:-

1)identification and inventory of the resources across the various regions of the country. it involves it involves surveying,mapping,qualitative and quantitive estimation and measurement of the resources.

2)evolving a planning structure endowed with proper technology and institutional setup for required for implementing the resource development plan

3)matching the resource development with overall national development plans.

3 steps which can be taken to solve the problem of land degradation:-

1)afforestation and proper management of grazing

2)planting of shelter belts of plants and control on over grazing

3)proper management of waste land and control of mining activities.

3 main characteristics of arid soil:-

1)these soils range from red to brown in color

2)these are sandy i texture and saline in nature

3)the lower horizons of the soil are occupied by kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards.

resource planning is essential because:-

1)resources are limited in supply.

2)resources are unevenly distributed over the surface of earth

3)exploitation and over utilization of resources must be checked.